Btec video

     Intellectual property: 

1. A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, and trademark.

   
   

   
   

   Public Domain:

   Music is considered to be in the public domain if it meets any of the following criteria, All rights have expired,The authors have explicitly put a work into the public domain and There never were copyrights.In the U.S, any musical works published before 1922, in addition to those voluntarily placed in public domain, exist in the public domain. In most other countries, music generally enters the public domain in a period of fifty to seventy-five years after the artists' death.

   
   

   Music licensing:  is the licensed use of copyrighted music. Music licensing is intended to ensure that the owners of copyrights on musical works are compensated for certain uses of their work. A purchaser has limited rights to use the work without a separate agreement.

   
   

   MCPS-PRS 

   PRS pays royalties to its members when their works are: broadcast on TV or radio, performed or played in public, whether live or through a recording streamed or downloaded. MCPS pays royalties to its members when their music is: copied as physical products, such as CDs and DVDs, streamed or downloaded used in TV, film or radio.

   
   

   Monitor and control:

   A VU meter is an audio metering device. It is designed to visually measure the "loudness" of an audio signal. The VU meter was developed in the late 1930s to help standardise transmissions over telephone lines. It went on to become a standard metering tool throughout the audio industry. VU meters measure average sound levels and are designed to represent the way human ears perceive volume.

   
   

   PPM:

   A Peak Program Monitor, sometimes referred to as a Peak Reading Meter, is an audio metering device. It's general function is similar to a VU meter but there are some important differences.The rise time of a PPM is much faster than a VU meter, typically 10 milliseconds compared to 300 milliseconds. This makes transient peaks easier to measure.

   dBs:

   Definition and examples. The decibel ( dB) is used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication. The dB is a logarithmic way of describing a ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things.

   
   

   SMPTE: 

   Timecodes are added to film, video or audio material, and have also been adapted to synchronize music. They provide a time reference for editing, synchronisation and identification. Timecode is a form of media metadata. The invention of timecode made modern videotape editing possible, and led eventually to the creation of non-linear editing systems.

   Documentation and storage: 

   Labelling work and data well means you are able to find work easily if it is needed, this means that in the future finding previous work is very accessible . Backing up data in an external hard drive is necessary to make sure work is not stored in one location and therefore not lost in if one location is damaged. 

   
   

Mixing and Editing

Mixing audio for:

Radio: . Radio will  play multiple premixed tracks. This audio is usually compressed quite heavily compared to other forms of audio such as sound for games. EQ is also used, EQ in a broadcast processor has dual uses. The first being to help shape a unique Audio Signature by boosting or cutting select frequencies.  Second, to help compensate for the standard 15kHz FM roll off that can cause off-air audio to sound dull compared to CD’s and digital formats where audio is flat out to 20kHz. Radio edits might also be needed, a radio edit is a modification to make a song more suitable for airplay, whether it be adjusted for length, profanity, subject matter, instrumentation, or form. Radio edits may also be used for commercial single versions.

Music: Mixing audio for Music is complex, the music is normally split into separate tracks. These tracks are blended using various processes such as EQ, Compression and Reverb. The goal of mixing is to bring out the best in your multi-track recording by adjusting levels, panning, and time-based effects.


Games: Mixing audio for games is very similar to mixing music in the fact that music and soundtracks are used within games, also processes such as using EQ, compression, and reverb will be very similar. However Games require sound effects similar to the use of Foley in films, to mix this the use of panning will be extensive as the audio will need to give a sense of wear the object is in the game. The use of volume control and panning will also be used a lot when a certain ambience is wanted to be achieved.

Live sound: In live sound individual instruments or vices are also split into tracks. These tracks are blended using various processes such as EQ and Reverb. The goal of mixing is to bring out the best of the live sound, especially by adjusting levels and EQ so each component can be heard and has its own space within the live sound, this ensures that each instrument is heard by everyone at the event.

Mixing for record release: When mixing a song for record release the track will need to be no louder than -6 db, this is because mastering technicians will need enough space in the mix to be able to go through their process.

Production possibilities: Different structures of songs may be made during the mixing and editing stage, these differently structured songs might be decided that they are infused, this would therefore require editing together for the final decided structure.

Live sound: For live sound, a sound check prior to the performance would be needed to ensure a good mix of all the instruments which also suits the room, mixing will also need to be done whilst in the show as a full room of people will sound differently to before any one was in there.

Analogue: When Mixing for analogue such as Vinyl records, bass guitar or any bass frequencies are made to be mono this is because stereo information down in the lower frequencies would make the needle jump out of the groove.

Compression and Equalisation: Compression is used to level out the dynamic range of individual tracks such as vocals and drums, this levels out the volume of the whole mix. Equalisation is used to give instruments their own frequency space in the track, this means that each instrument can be heard clearly instead of the mix being muddy.  

Reverberation:
Reverberation occurs naturally when a person sings, talks, or plays an instrument acoustically in a hall or performance space with sound-reflective surfaces. The sound of reverberation is often electronically added to the vocals of singers and to musical instruments. This is done in both live sound systems and sound recordings by using effects units. Effects units that are specialised in the generation of the reverberation effect are commonly called reverbs. 

Synchronisation with video: Audio for projects such as animations will need to be edited so the speech is synchronised with movement and actions in the video. Can also be used for foley as sound will need to be synchronised for when actions on screen are happening, for example, the sound of a door shutting. 


Sequencing software:A music sequencer is a device or application software that can record, edit, or play back music, by handling note and performance information in several forms, typically CV/Gate, MIDI, or Open Sound Control, and possibly audio and automation data for DAWs and plug-ins.

MIDI, Synthesises and Sampling: MIDI is a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital interface and connectors and allows a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers and other related devices to connect and communicate with one another. A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals; natural sounds like ocean waves, etc.; or generate new electronic timbres. In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. 

Editing

Dance and Adverts: Music can be needed to be edited for dancing performances as dancers may want music to change at certain points in tracks to other tracks. Music can also be edited to be lengthened or shortened to accommodate the dancers needs. Editing might need to be used to shorten songs for music for adverts, the music might also be edited so main aspects of the song are included in a short amount of time.


Noise Gates: A noise gate or gate is an electronic device or software that is used to control the volume of an audio signal. Comparable to a compressor, which attenuates signals above a threshold, noise gates attenuate signals that register below the threshold.

Linear editing: Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence.

Non Linear: A non-linear editing system is a video or audio editing digital audio workstation system that performs non-destructive editing on source material. The name is in contrast to 20th century methods of linear video editing and film editing. It is a form of audio, video or image editing where the original content is not modified in the course of editing – instead the edits themselves are specified and modified by specialised software. A pointer-based playlist – effectively an edit decision list. Each time the edited audio, video, or image is rendered, played back, or accessed, it is reconstructed from the original source and the specified editing steps.